Edition: BP 2025 (Ph. Eur. 11.6 update)
(Ph. Eur. monograph 1161)
C9H11NO3 181.2 60-18-4
(2S)-2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.
Product of fermentation or of protein hydrolysis.
Content
99.0 per cent to 101.0 per cent (dried substance).
CHARACTERS
Appearance
White or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless crystals.
Solubility
Very slightly soluble in water, practically insoluble in ethanol (96 per cent). It dissolves in dilute mineral acids and in dilute solutions of alkali hydroxides.
IDENTIFICATION
First identification: A, B.
Second identification: A, C, D, E.
A. Specific optical rotation (see Tests).
B. Infrared absorption spectrophotometry (2.2.24).
Comparison tyrosine CRS.
C. Thin-layer chromatography (2.2.27).
Test solution Dissolve 10 mg of the substance to be examined in 1 mL of dilute ammonia R2 and dilute to 50 mL with water R.
Reference solution Dissolve 10 mg of tyrosine CRS in 1 mL of dilute ammonia R2 and dilute to 50 mL with water R.
Plate TLC silica gel plate R.
Mobile phase concentrated ammonia R1, propanol R (30:70 V/V).
Application 5 μL.
Development Over 2/3 of the plate.
Drying In air.
Detection Spray with ninhydrin solution R and heat at 105 °C for 15 min.
Results The principal spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution is similar in position, colour and size to the principal spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.
D. To about 50 mg add 1 mL of dilute nitric acid R. A dark red colour is produced within 15 min.
E. Dissolve about 30 mg in 2 mL of dilute sodium hydroxide solution R. Add 3 mL of a freshly prepared mixture of equal volumes of a 100 g/L solution of sodium nitrite R and a solution of 0.5 g of sulfanilic acid R in a mixture of 6 mL of hydrochloric acid R1 and 94 mL of water R. An orange-red colour is produced.
TESTS
Appearance of solution
The solution is clear (2.2.1) and not more intensely coloured than reference solution Y7 (2.2.2, Method II).
Dissolve 0.5 g in dilute hydrochloric acid R and dilute to 20 mL with the same acid.
Specific optical rotation (2.2.7)
-12.3 to -11.0 (dried substance).
Dissolve 1.25 g in a mixture of equal volumes of dilute hydrochloric acid R and water R and dilute to 25.0 mL with the same mixture of solvents.
Ninhydrin-positive substances
Amino acid analysis (2.2.56). For analysis, use Method 1.
The concentrations of the test solution and the reference solutions may be adapted according to the sensitivity of the equipment used. The concentrations of all solutions are adjusted so that the system suitability requirements described in general chapter 2.2.46 are fulfilled, keeping the ratios of concentrations between all solutions as described.
Solution A dilute hydrochloric acid R1 or a sample preparation buffer suitable for the apparatus used.
Test solution Dissolve 30.0 mg of the substance to be examined in solution A and dilute to 50.0 mL with solution A.
Reference solution (a) Dilute 1.0 mL of the test solution to 100.0 mL with solution A. Dilute 2.0 mL of this solution to 10.0 mL with solution A.
Reference solution (b) Dissolve 30.0 mg of phenylalanine R (impurity A) in solution A and dilute to 100.0 mL with solution A. Dilute 1.0 mL of the solution to 250.0 mL with solution A.
Reference solution (c) Dissolve 30.0 mg of proline R in solution A and dilute to 100.0 mL with solution A. Dilute 1.0 mL of the solution to 250.0 mL with solution A.
Reference solution (d) Dilute 6.0 mL of ammonium standard solution (100 ppm NH4) R to 50.0 mL with solution A. Dilute 1.0 mL of this solution to 100.0 mL with solution A.
Reference solution (e) Dissolve 30 mg of isoleucine R and 30 mg of leucine R in solution A and dilute to 50.0 mL with solution A. Dilute 1.0 mL of the solution to 200.0 mL with solution A.
Blank solution Solution A.
Inject suitable, equal amounts of the test, blank and reference solutions into the amino acid analyser. Run a program suitable for the determination of physiological amino acids.
System suitability Reference solution (e):
— resolution: minimum 1.5 between the peaks due to isoleucine and leucine.
Calculation of percentage contents:
— for impurity A, use the concentration of impurity A in reference solution (b);
— for any ninhydrin-positive substance detected at 570 nm, use the concentration of tyrosine in reference solution (a);
— for any ninhydrin-positive substance detected at 440 nm, use the concentration of proline in reference solution (c); if a peak is above the reporting threshold at both wavelengths, use the result obtained at 570 nm for quantification.
Limits:
— impurity A at 570 nm: maximum 0.5 per cent;
— any ninhydrin-positive substance: for each impurity, maximum 0.2 per cent;
— total: maximum 0.6 per cent;
— reporting threshold: 0.05 per cent.
The thresholds indicated under Related substances (Table 2034.-1) in the general monograph Substances for pharmaceutical use (2034) do not apply.
Chlorides (2.4.4)
Maximum 200 ppm.
Dissolve 0.25 g in 3 mL of dilute nitric acid R and dilute to 15 mL with water R. The solution, without further addition of nitric acid, complies with the test.
Sulfates (2.4.13)
Maximum 300 ppm.
Dissolve, with gentle heating, 0.5 g in 5 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid R and dilute to 15 mL with distilled water R.
Ammonium
Amino acid analysis (2.2.56) as described in the test for ninhydrin-positive substances with the following modifications.
Injection Test solution, reference solution (d) and blank solution.
Limit:
— ammonium at 570 nm: not more than the area of the corresponding peak in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (d) (0.02 per cent), taking into account the peak due to ammonium in the chromatogram obtained with the blank solution.
Iron (2.4.9)
Maximum 10 ppm.
In a separating funnel, dissolve 1.0 g in 10 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid R. Shake with 3 quantities, each of 10 mL, of methyl isobutyl ketone R1, shaking for 3 min each time. To the combined organic layers add 10 mL of water R and shake for 3 min. Use the aqueous layer.
Loss on drying (2.2.32)
Maximum 0.5 per cent, determined on 1.000 g by drying in an oven at 105 °C.
Sulfated ash (2.4.14)
Maximum 0.1 per cent, determined on 1.0 g.
ASSAY
Dissolve 0.150 g in 5 mL of anhydrous formic acid R. Add 30 mL of anhydrous acetic acid R. Titrate with 0.1 M perchloric acid, determining the end-point potentiometrically (2.2.20).
1 mL of 0.1 M perchloric acid is equivalent to 18.12 mg of C9H11NO3
STORAGE
Protected from light.
IMPURITIES
Specified impurities A.
Other detectable impurities (the following substances would, if present at a sufficient level, be detected by one or other of the tests in the monograph. They are limited by the general acceptance criterion for other/unspecified impurities. It is therefore not necessary to identify these impurities for demonstration of compliance. See also 5.10. Control of impurities in substances for pharmaceutical use) B, C.
A. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid (phenylalanine),
B. (2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid (lysine),
C. 3,3′-disulfanediylbis[(2R)-2-aminopropanoic acid] (cystine).
Ph Eur
