Edition: BP 2025 (Ph. Eur. 11.6 update)
General Notices
(Solutions for Haemofiltration and Haemodiafiltration, Ph. Eur. monograph 0861)
When the Solution is intended for haemofiltration only, the title Haemofiltration Solutions may be used.
Ph Eur
DEFINITION
Preparations for parenteral administration containing electrolytes with a concentration close to the electrolytic composition of plasma. Glucose may be included in the formulation.
Solutions for haemofiltration and haemodiafiltration are supplied in:
— rigid or semi-rigid plastic containers;
— flexible plastic containers inside closed protective envelopes;
— glass containers.
The containers and closures comply with the requirements for containers for preparations for parenteral administration(3.2).
In haemofiltration and haemodiafiltration, the following formulations are used. The concentrations of the components per litre of solution are usually in the following range (see Table 0861.-1):
Table 0861.-1.
|
Concentration
(mmol/L)
|
Concentration
(mEq/L)
|
|
| Sodium | 125 – 150 | 125 – 150 |
| Potassium | 0 – 4.5 | 0 – 4.5 |
| Calcium | 1.0 – 2.5 | 2.0 – 5.0 |
| Magnesium | 0.25 – 1.5 | 0.50 – 3.0 |
|
Acetate and/or lactate and/or hydrogen carbonate
|
30 – 60 | 30 – 60 |
| Chloride | 90 – 120 | 90 – 120 |
| Glucose | 0 – 25 |
When hydrogen carbonate is present, the solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate is supplied in a container or a separate compartment and is added to the electrolyte solution immediately before use.
In haemofiltration and haemodiafiltration, the following formulations may also be used (see Table 0861.-2):
Table 0861.-2.
|
Concentration
(mmol/L)
|
Concentration
(mEq/L)
|
|
| Sodium | 130 – 167 | 130 – 167 |
| Potassium | 0 – 4.0 | 0 – 4.0 |
| Hydrogen carbonate | 20 – 167 | 20 – 167 |
| Chloride | 0 – 147 | 0 – 147 |
Antioxidants are not added to the solutions.
IDENTIFICATION
According to the stated composition, the solution to be examined gives the following identification reactions (2.3.1):
— potassium: reaction (b);
— calcium: reaction (a);
— sodium: reaction (b);
— chlorides: reaction (a);
— acetates:
— if the solution is free from glucose, use reaction (b);
— if the solution contains glucose, use the following method: to 5 mL of the solution to be examined add 1 mL of hydrochloric acid R in a test-tube fitted with a stopper and a bent tube, heat and collect a few millilitres of distillate; carry out reaction (b) of acetates on the distillate;
— lactates;
— carbonates and hydrogen carbonates;
— magnesium: to 0.1 mL of titan yellow solution R add 10 mL of water R, 2 mL of the solution to be examined and 1 mL of 1 M sodium hydroxide; a pink colour is produced;
— glucose: to 5 mL of the solution to be examined, add 2 mL of dilute sodium hydroxide solution R and 0.05 mL of copper sulfate solution R; the solution is blue and clear; heat to boiling; an abundant red precipitate is formed.
TESTS
Appearance of solution
The solution is clear (2.2.1). If it does not contain glucose, it is colourless (2.2.2, Method I). If it contains glucose, it is not more intensely coloured than reference solution Y7(2.2.2, Method I).
pH (2.2.3)
5.0 to 7.5. If the solution contains glucose, the pH is 4.5 to 6.5. If the solution contains hydrogen carbonate, the pH is 7.0 to 8.5.
Hydroxymethylfurfural
Carry out the test only if glucose is added to the preparation. To a volume of the solution to be examined containing the equivalent of 25 mg of glucose, add 5.0 mL of a 100 g/L solution of p-toluidine R in 2-propanol R containing 10 percent V/V of glacial acetic acid R, then add 1.0 mL of a 5 g/L solution of barbituric acid R. The absorbance (2.2.25),
determined at 550 nm after allowing the mixture to stand for 2-3 min, is not greater than that of a standard prepared at the same time and in the same manner using a solution containing 10 μg of hydroxymethylfurfural R in the same volume as the solution to be examined (400 ppm expressed with reference to the glucose concentration). If the solution contains hydrogen carbonate, use as the standard a solution containing 20 μg of hydroxymethylfurfural R (800 ppm expressed with reference to the glucose concentration).
Aluminium
Maximum 10 μg/L.
Atomic absorption spectrometry (2.2.23, Method I or II). Use a matrix modifier (for example, nitric acid R and magnesium nitrate R in water R) in the same quantity for the test solution, the reference solutions and the blank solution.
Test solution If necessary, dilute the solution to be examined with water R to a concentration suitable for the instrument to be used.
Reference solutions. Method I – direct calibration.
Prepare the reference solutions by diluting, for example aluminium standard solution (10 ppm Al) R with acidified water R.
Reference solutions. Method II – standard additions.
Prepare at least 3 reference solutions in the test solution, in a range spanning the expected aluminium concentration of the test solution, for example by diluting aluminium standard solution (10 ppm Al) R with the test solution.
Blank solution water R.
Source Aluminium hollow-cathode lamp.
Wavelength 309.3 nm.
Atomisation device Graphite furnace.
Particulate contamination (2.9.19, Method I)
Use 50 mL of the solution to be examined.
Extractable volume (2.9.17)
The solution complies with the test prescribed for parenteral infusions.
Sterility (2.6.1)
The solution complies with the test.
Bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14)
Less than 0.05 IU/mL.
Pyrogens (2.6.8)
Solutions for which a validated test for bacterial endotoxins cannot be carried out comply with the test for pyrogens. Inject
per kilogram of the rabbit’s mass 10 mL of the solution.
ASSAY
Sodium
97.5 per cent to 102.5 per cent of the content of sodium (Na) stated on the label.
Atomic emission spectrometry (2.2.22, Method I).
Test solution If necessary, dilute the solution to be examined with water R to a concentration suitable for the instrument to be used.
Reference solutions Prepare the reference solutions using sodium standard solution (200 ppm Na) R.
Wavelengths 589.0 nm or 589.6 nm (sodium emits as a doublet).
Potassium
95.0 per cent to 105.0 per cent of the content of potassium (K) stated on the label.
Atomic absorption spectrometry (2.2.23, Method I).
Test solution If necessary, dilute the solution to be examined with water R to a concentration suitable for the instrument to be used. To 100 mL of the solution add 10 mL of a 22 g/L solution of sodium chloride R.
Reference solutions Prepare the reference solutions using potassium standard solution (100 ppm K) R. To 100 mL of each reference solution add 10 mL of a 22 g/L solution of sodium chloride R.
Source Potassium hollow-cathode lamp.
Wavelength 766.5 nm.
Atomisation device Air-propane or air-acetylene flame.
Calcium
95.0 per cent to 105.0 per cent of the content of calcium (Ca) stated on the label.
Atomic absorption spectrometry (2.2.23, Method I).
Test solution If necessary, dilute the solution to be examined with water R to a concentration suitable for the instrument to be used.
Reference solutions Prepare the reference solutions using calcium standard solution (400 ppm Ca) R.
Source Calcium hollow-cathode lamp.
Wavelength 422.7 nm.
Atomisation device Air-propane or air-acetylene flame.
Magnesium
95.0 per cent to 105.0 per cent of the content of magnesium (Mg) stated on the label.
Atomic absorption spectrometry (2.2.23, Method I).
Test solution If necessary, dilute the solution to be examined with water R to a concentration suitable for the instrument to be used.
Reference solutions Prepare the reference solutions using magnesium standard solution (100 ppm Mg) R.
Source Magnesium hollow-cathode lamp.
Wavelength 285.2 nm.
Atomisation device Air-propane or air-acetylene flame.
Total chloride
95.0 per cent to 105.0 per cent of the content of chloride (Cl) stated on the label.
Dilute an accurately measured volume of the solution to be examined containing the equivalent of about 0.68 mEq of chloride with an appropriate volume of water R to immerse the electrode. Carry out a potentiometric titration (2.2.20), using 0.1 M silver nitrate. Read the volume added between the 2 points of inflexion.
1 mL of 0.1 M silver nitrate is equivalent to 3.545 mg of Cl.
Acetate
95.0 per cent to 105.0 per cent of the content of acetate stated on the label.
To a volume of the solution to be examined, corresponding to about 0.7 mmol of acetate, add 10.0 mL of 0.1 M
hydrochloric acid. Carry out a potentiometric titration (2.2.20), using 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. Read the volume added between the 2 points of inflexion.
1 mL of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 0.1 mmol of acetate.
Lactate
95.0 per cent to 105.0 per cent of the content of lactate stated on the label.
To a volume of the solution to be examined, corresponding to about 0.7 mmol of lactate, add 10.0 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. Add 50 mL of acetonitrile R. Carry out a potentiometric titration (2.2.20), using 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. Read the volume added between the 2 points of inflexion.
1 mL of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 0.1 mmol of lactate.
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
95.0 per cent to 105.0 per cent of the content of sodium hydrogen carbonate stated on the label.
Titrate with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid, a volume of the solution to be examined corresponding to about 0.1 g of sodium hydrogen carbonate, determining the end-point potentiometrically (2.2.20).
1 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid is equivalent to 8.40 mg of NaHCO3
Lactate and hydrogen carbonate
95.0 per cent to 105.0 per cent of the content of lactates and hydrogen carbonates stated on the label.
Liquid chromatography (2.2.29).
Test solution The solution to be examined.
Reference solution Dissolve in 100 mL of water for chromatography R quantities of lactates and hydrogen carbonates, accurately weighed, in order to obtain solutions having concentrations representing about 90 per cent, 100 per cent and 110 per cent of the concentrations stated on the label.
Column:
— size: l = 0.30 m, Ø = 7.8 mm;
— stationary phase: cation-exchange resin R (9 μm);
— temperature: 60 °C.
Mobile phase 0.005 M sulfuric acid previously degassed with helium for chromatography R.
Flow rate 0.6 mL/min.
Detection Differential refractometer.
Injection 20 μL, twice.
Order of elution Lactates, hydrogen carbonates.
Determine the concentration of lactates and hydrogen carbonates in the test solution by interpolating the peak area for lactate and the peak height for hydrogen carbonate from the linear regression curve obtained with the reference solutions.
Reducing sugars
(expressed as glucose): 95.0 per cent to 105.0 per cent of the content of glucose stated on the label.
Transfer a volume of the solution to be examined containing the equivalent of 25 mg of glucose to a 250 mL conical flask with a ground-glass neck and add 25.0 mL of cupri-citric solution R. Add a few grains of pumice, fit a reflux condenser, heat so that boiling occurs within 2 min and boil for exactly 10 min. Cool and add 3 g of potassium iodide R dissolved in
3 mL of water R. Carefully add, in small amounts, 25 mL of a 25 per cent m/m solution of sulfuric acid R. Titrate with 0.1 M sodium thiosulfate using starch solution R, added towards the end of the titration, as indicator. Carry out a blank titration using 25.0 mL of water R.
Calculate the content of reducing sugars expressed as glucose (C6H12O6), using Table 0861.-3.
Table 0861.-3.
|
Volume of 0.1 M sodium thiosulfate
(mL)
|
Glucose
(mg)
|
| 8 | 19.8 |
| 9 | 22.4 |
| 10 | 25.0 |
| 11 | 27.6 |
| 12 | 30.3 |
| 13 | 33.0 |
| 14 | 35.7 |
| 15 | 38.5 |
| 16 | 41.3 |
STORAGE
At 4 °C or above.
LABELLING
The label states:
— the formula of the solution for haemofiltration or haemodiafiltration, expressed in grams per litre and in millimoles per litre;
— the calculated osmolarity, expressed in milliosmoles per litre;
— the nominal volume of the solution for haemofiltration or haemodiafiltration in the container;
— that the solution is free from bacterial endotoxins, or where applicable, that it is apyrogenic;
— the storage conditions;
— that any unused portion of solution is to be discarded.
Ph Eur
