{"id":3308,"date":"2025-09-24T11:03:17","date_gmt":"2025-09-24T04:03:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/?p=3308"},"modified":"2025-10-02T14:22:05","modified_gmt":"2025-10-02T07:22:05","slug":"azathioprine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/azathioprine\/","title":{"rendered":"Azathioprine"},"content":{"rendered":"

(Ph. Eur. monograph 0369)<\/em><\/p>\n

C_{9<\/sub>H_{7<\/sub>N_{7<\/sub>O_{2<\/sub>S\u00a0 \u00a0277.3\u00a0 \u00a0446-86-6<\/p>\n}}}}

Action and use<\/strong><\/p>\n

Immunosuppressant.<\/p>\n

Preparations<\/strong><\/p>\n

Azathioprine Oral Suspension<\/p>\n

Azathioprine Tablets<\/p>\n

DEFINITION<\/h2>\n
6-[(1-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]-7H-purine.<\/p>\n
Content<\/h3>\n
98.5 per cent to 101.0 per cent (dried substance).<\/p>\n
CHARACTERS<\/h2>\n
Appearance<\/h3>\n
Pale-yellow powder.<\/p>\n
Solubility<\/h3>\n
Practically insoluble in water and in ethanol (96 per cent). It is soluble in dilute solutions of alkali hydroxides and sparingly soluble in dilute mineral acids.<\/p>\n
IDENTIFICATION<\/h2>\n
Infrared absorption spectrophotometry (2.2.24).<\/p>\n
Comparison azathioprine CRS.<\/p>\n
TESTS<\/h2>\n
Related substances<\/h3>\n
Liquid chromatography (2.2.29).<\/p>\n
Solution A 2.76 g\/L solution of sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate R adjusted to pH 2.5 with phosphoric acid R.<\/p>\n
Test solution: Dissolve 10 mg of the substance to be examined in 35 mL of a 0.8 g\/L solution of sodium hydroxide R and dilute to 100.0 mL with solution A.<\/p>\n
Reference solution (a): Dissolve 5 mg of azathioprine impurity A CRS and 5 mg of mercaptopurine monohydrate R (impurity B) in 8.75 mL of a 0.8 g\/L solution of sodium hydroxide R and dilute to 25.0 mL with solution A. To 1.0 mL of this solution, add 35 mL of a 0.8 g\/L solution of sodium hydroxide R and dilute to 100.0 mL with solution A.<\/p>\n
Reference solution (b): Dissolve 2.5 mg of azathioprine impurity G CRS and 2.5 mg of the substance to be examined in 8.8 mL of a 0.8 g\/L solution of sodium hydroxide R and dilute to 25.0 mL with solution A. To 1.0 mL of this solution, add 17.5 mL of a 0.8 g\/L solution of sodium hydroxide R and dilute to 50.0 mL with solution A.<\/p>\n
Reference solution (c): Dilute 1.0 mL of the test solution to 100.0 mL with solution A. Dilute 1.0 mL of this solution to 10.0 mL with solution A.<\/p>\n
Column:<\/p>\n
\u2014 size: l = 0.15 m, \u00d8 = 4.6 mm;<\/p>\n
\u2014 stationary phase: phenylsilyl silica gel for chromatography R (5 \u03bcm);<\/p>\n
\u2014 temperature: 30 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n
Mobile phase:<\/p>\n
\u2014 mobile phase A: methanol R, solution A (5:95 V\/V);<\/p>\n
\u2014 mobile phase B: solution A, methanol R (40:60 V\/V);<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Time<\/strong><\/p>\n
(min)<\/strong><\/td>\n
Mobile phase A<\/strong><\/p>\n
(per cent V\/V)<\/strong><\/td>\n
Mobile phase B <\/strong><\/p>\n
(per cent V\/V)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0 – 5<\/td>\n 100<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5 – 15<\/td>\n 100 \u2192 0<\/td>\n 0 \u2192 100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15 – 20<\/td>\n 0<\/td>\n 100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
Flow rate: 1.0 mL\/min.<\/p>\n
Detection: Spectrophotometer at 240 nm.<\/p>\n
Injection: 20 \u03bcL.<\/p>\n
Identification of impurities: Use the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (a) to identify the peaks due to impurities A and B. Use the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (b) to identify the peak due to impurity G.<\/p>\n
Relative retention: With reference to azathioprine (retention time = about 15 min): impurity A = about 0.3; impurity B = about 0.4; impurity G = about 0.97.<\/p>\n
System suitability:<\/p>\n
\u2014 resolution: minimum 2.0 between the peaks due to impurities A and B in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (a); minimum 2.0 between the peaks due to impurity G and azathioprine in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (b).<\/p>\n
Limits:<\/p>\n
\u2014 impurities A, B: for each impurity, not more than 1.5 times the area of the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (c) (0.15 per cent);<\/p>\n
\u2014 unspecified impurities: for each impurity, not more than the area of the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (c) (0.10 per cent);<\/p>\n
\u2014 total: not more than 5 times the area of the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (c) (0.5 per cent);<\/p>\n
\u2014 disregard limit: 0.5 times the area of the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (c) (0.05 per cent).<\/p>\n
Loss on drying (2.2.32)<\/h3>\n
Maximum 1.0 per cent, determined on 0.500 g by drying in an oven at 105 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n
Sulfated ash (2.4.14)<\/h3>\n
Maximum 0.1 per cent, determined on 1.0 g.<\/p>\n
ASSAY<\/h2>\n
Dissolve 0.250 g in 25 mL of dimethylformamide R. Titrate with 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, determining the end- point potentiometrically (2.2.20).<\/p>\n
1 mL of 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide is equivalent to 27.73 mg of C_{9<\/sub>H_{7<\/sub>N_{7<\/sub>O_{2<\/sub>S.<\/p>\n}}}}
STORAGE<\/h2>\n
Protected from light.<\/p>\n
IMPURITIES<\/h2>\n
Specified impurities A, B.<\/p>\n
Other detectable impurities (the following substances would, if present at a sufficient level, be detected by one or other of the tests in the monograph. They are limited by the general acceptance criterion for other\/unspecified impurities and\/or by the general monograph Substances for pharmaceutical use (2034). It is therefore not necessary to identify these impurities for demonstration of compliance. See also 5.10. Control of impurities in substances for pharmaceutical use) C, D, E, F, G.<\/p>\n
$\"Azathioprine\"$ <\/p>\n
A. 1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-amine,<\/p>\n
$\"Azathioprine\"$ <\/p>\n
B. 7H-purine-6-thiol (mercaptopurine),<\/p>\n
$\"Azathioprine\"$ <\/p>\n
C. 5-chloro-1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazole,<\/p>\n
$\"Azathioprine\"$ <\/p>\n
D. 1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazole-5-thiol,<\/p>\n
$\"Azathioprine\"$ <\/p>\n
E. 1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-ol,<\/p>\n
$\"Azathioprine\"$ <\/p>\n
F. 1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one (hypoxanthine),<\/p>\n
$\"Azathioprine\"$ <\/p>\n
G. 6-[(1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]-7H-purin-2-amine (thiamiprine).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
(Ph. Eur. monograph 0369) C9H7N7O2S\u00a0 \u00a0277.3\u00a0 \u00a0446-86-6 Action and use Immunosuppressant. Preparations Azathioprine Oral Suspension Azathioprine Tablets DEFINITION 6-[(1-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]-7H-purine. Content 98.5 per cent to 101.0 per cent (dried substance). CHARACTERS Appearance Pale-yellow powder. Solubility Practically insoluble in water and in ethanol (96 per cent). It is soluble in dilute solutions of alkali hydroxides and sparingly…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":3427,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[174],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3308","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medicinal-substances"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3308","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3308"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3308\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5646,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3308\/revisions\/5646"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3427"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3308"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3308"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3308"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

Time<\/strong><\/p>\n (min)<\/strong><\/td>\n	Mobile phase A<\/strong><\/p>\n (per cent V\/V)<\/strong><\/td>\n	Mobile phase B <\/strong><\/p>\n (per cent V\/V)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0 – 5<\/td>\n	100<\/td>\n	0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5 – 15<\/td>\n	100 \u2192 0<\/td>\n	0 \u2192 100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15 – 20<\/td>\n	0<\/td>\n	100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n Flow rate: 1.0 mL\/min.<\/p>\n Detection: Spectrophotometer at 240 nm.<\/p>\n Injection: 20 \u03bcL.<\/p>\n Identification of impurities: Use the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (a) to identify the peaks due to impurities A and B. Use the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (b) to identify the peak due to impurity G.<\/p>\n Relative retention: With reference to azathioprine (retention time = about 15 min): impurity A = about 0.3; impurity B = about 0.4; impurity G = about 0.97.<\/p>\n System suitability:<\/p>\n \u2014 resolution: minimum 2.0 between the peaks due to impurities A and B in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (a); minimum 2.0 between the peaks due to impurity G and azathioprine in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (b).<\/p>\n Limits:<\/p>\n \u2014 impurities A, B: for each impurity, not more than 1.5 times the area of the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (c) (0.15 per cent);<\/p>\n \u2014 unspecified impurities: for each impurity, not more than the area of the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (c) (0.10 per cent);<\/p>\n \u2014 total: not more than 5 times the area of the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (c) (0.5 per cent);<\/p>\n \u2014 disregard limit: 0.5 times the area of the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (c) (0.05 per cent).<\/p>\n Loss on drying (2.2.32)<\/h3>\n Maximum 1.0 per cent, determined on 0.500 g by drying in an oven at 105 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n Sulfated ash (2.4.14)<\/h3>\n Maximum 0.1 per cent, determined on 1.0 g.<\/p>\n ASSAY<\/h2>\n Dissolve 0.250 g in 25 mL of dimethylformamide R. Titrate with 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, determining the end- point potentiometrically (2.2.20).<\/p>\n 1 mL of 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide is equivalent to 27.73 mg of C_{9<\/sub>H_{7<\/sub>N_{7<\/sub>O_{2<\/sub>S.<\/p>\n}}}} STORAGE<\/h2>\n Protected from light.<\/p>\n IMPURITIES<\/h2>\n Specified impurities A, B.<\/p>\n Other detectable impurities (the following substances would, if present at a sufficient level, be detected by one or other of the tests in the monograph. They are limited by the general acceptance criterion for other\/unspecified impurities and\/or by the general monograph Substances for pharmaceutical use (2034). It is therefore not necessary to identify these impurities for demonstration of compliance. See also 5.10. Control of impurities in substances for pharmaceutical use) C, D, E, F, G.<\/p>\n $\"Azathioprine\"$ <\/p>\n A. 1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-amine,<\/p>\n $\"Azathioprine\"$ <\/p>\n B. 7H-purine-6-thiol (mercaptopurine),<\/p>\n $\"Azathioprine\"$ <\/p>\n C. 5-chloro-1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazole,<\/p>\n $\"Azathioprine\"$ <\/p>\n D. 1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazole-5-thiol,<\/p>\n $\"Azathioprine\"$ <\/p>\n E. 1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-ol,<\/p>\n $\"Azathioprine\"$ <\/p>\n F. 1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one (hypoxanthine),<\/p>\n $\"Azathioprine\"$ <\/p>\n G. 6-[(1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]-7H-purin-2-amine (thiamiprine).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" (Ph. Eur. monograph 0369) C9H7N7O2S\u00a0 \u00a0277.3\u00a0 \u00a0446-86-6 Action and use Immunosuppressant. Preparations Azathioprine Oral Suspension Azathioprine Tablets DEFINITION 6-[(1-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]-7H-purine. Content 98.5 per cent to 101.0 per cent (dried substance). CHARACTERS Appearance Pale-yellow powder. Solubility Practically insoluble in water and in ethanol (96 per cent). It is soluble in dilute solutions of alkali hydroxides and sparingly…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":3427,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[174],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3308","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medicinal-substances"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3308","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3308"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3308\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5646,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3308\/revisions\/5646"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3427"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3308"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3308"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3308"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

Content<\/h3>\n98.5 per cent to 101.0 per cent (dried substance).<\/p>\n

CHARACTERS<\/h2>\n

Appearance<\/h3>\nPale-yellow powder.<\/p>\n

Solubility<\/h3>\nPractically insoluble in water and in ethanol (96 per cent). It is soluble in dilute solutions of alkali hydroxides and sparingly soluble in dilute mineral acids.<\/p>\n

IDENTIFICATION<\/h2>\nInfrared absorption spectrophotometry (2.2.24).<\/p>\nComparison azathioprine CRS.<\/p>\n

TESTS<\/h2>\n

Loss on drying (2.2.32)<\/h3>\nMaximum 1.0 per cent, determined on 0.500 g by drying in an oven at 105 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n

Sulfated ash (2.4.14)<\/h3>\nMaximum 0.1 per cent, determined on 1.0 g.<\/p>\n

ASSAY<\/h2>\nDissolve 0.250 g in 25 mL of dimethylformamide R. Titrate with 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, determining the end- point potentiometrically (2.2.20).<\/p>\n1 mL of 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide is equivalent to 27.73 mg of C9<\/sub>H7<\/sub>N7<\/sub>O2<\/sub>S.<\/p>\n

STORAGE<\/h2>\nProtected from light.<\/p>\n

Content<\/h3>\n
98.5 per cent to 101.0 per cent (dried substance).<\/p>\n

Appearance<\/h3>\n
Pale-yellow powder.<\/p>\n

Solubility<\/h3>\n
Practically insoluble in water and in ethanol (96 per cent). It is soluble in dilute solutions of alkali hydroxides and sparingly soluble in dilute mineral acids.<\/p>\n

IDENTIFICATION<\/h2>\n
Infrared absorption spectrophotometry (2.2.24).<\/p>\n
Comparison azathioprine CRS.<\/p>\n

Loss on drying (2.2.32)<\/h3>\n
Maximum 1.0 per cent, determined on 0.500 g by drying in an oven at 105 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n

Sulfated ash (2.4.14)<\/h3>\n
Maximum 0.1 per cent, determined on 1.0 g.<\/p>\n

STORAGE<\/h2>\n
Protected from light.<\/p>\n