{"id":20068,"date":"2025-10-25T16:57:16","date_gmt":"2025-10-25T09:57:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/?p=20068"},"modified":"2025-10-25T16:57:16","modified_gmt":"2025-10-25T09:57:16","slug":"peritoneal-dialysis-solutions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/peritoneal-dialysis-solutions\/","title":{"rendered":"Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions"},"content":{"rendered":"

Edition: BP 2025 (Ph. Eur. 11.6 update)<\/p>\n

DEFINITION<\/h2>\n

Preparations for intraperitoneal use containing electrolytes with a concentration close to the electrolytic composition of plasma. They contain glucose in varying concentrations or other suitable osmotic agents.<\/p>\n

Solutions for peritoneal dialysis are supplied in:<\/p>\n

\u2014 rigid or semi-rigid plastic containers;<\/p>\n

\u2014 flexible plastic containers fitted with a special connecting device; these are generally filled to a volume below their nominal capacity and presented in closed protective envelopes;<\/p>\n

\u2014 glass containers.<\/p>\n

The containers and closures comply with the requirements for containers for preparations for parenteral administration (3.2).<\/p>\n

Several formulations are used. The concentrations of the components per litre of solution are usually in the following range (see Table 0862.-1).<\/p>\n

Table 0862.-1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nConcentration (mmol\/L)<\/strong><\/td>\nConcentration (mEq\/L)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sodium<\/td>\n125 – 150<\/td>\n125 – 150<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Potassium<\/td>\n0 – 4.5<\/td>\n0 – 4.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Calcium<\/td>\n0 – 2.5<\/td>\n0 – 5.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Magnesium<\/td>\n0.25 – 1.5<\/td>\n0.50 – 3.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Acetate and\/or lactate and\/or hydrogen carbonate<\/td>\n30 – 60<\/td>\n30 – 60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chloride<\/td>\n90 – 120<\/td>\n90 – 120<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Glucose<\/td>\n25 – 250<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

When hydrogen carbonate is present, the solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate is supplied in a container or a separate compartment and is added to the electrolyte solution immediately before use.<\/p>\n

Unless otherwise justified and authorised, antioxidants are not added to the solutions.<\/p>\n

IDENTIFICATION<\/h2>\n

According to the stated composition, the solution to be examined gives the following identification reactions (2.3.1):<\/p>\n

\u2014 potassium: reaction (b);<\/p>\n

\u2014 calcium: reaction (a);<\/p>\n

\u2014 sodium: reaction (b);<\/p>\n

\u2014 chlorides: reaction (a);<\/p>\n

\u2014 acetates: to 5 mL of the solution to be examined add 1 mL of hydrochloric acid R in a test-tube fitted with a stopper and a bent tube, heat and collect a few millilitres of distillate; carry out reaction (b) of acetates on the distillate;<\/p>\n

\u2014 lactates, hydrogen carbonates: the identification is carried out together with the assay;<\/p>\n

\u2014 magnesium: to 0.1 mL of titan yellow solution R add 10 mL of water R, 2 mL of the solution to be examined and 1 mL of 1 M sodium hydroxide; a pink colour is produced;<\/p>\n

\u2014 glucose: to 5 mL of the solution to be examined, add 2 mL of dilute sodium hydroxide solution R and 0.05 mL of
\ncopper sulfate solution R; the solution is blue and clear; heat to boiling; an abundant red precipitate is formed.<\/p>\n

TESTS<\/h2>\n

Appearance of solution<\/h3>\n

The solution is clear (2.2.1) and not more intensely coloured than reference solution Y4 (2.2.2, Method I).<\/p>\n

pH (2.2.3)<\/strong><\/p>\n

5.0 to 6.5. If the solution contains hydrogen carbonate, the pH is 6.5 to 8.0.<\/p>\n

Hydroxymethylfurfural<\/h3>\n

Carry out the test only if glucose is added to the preparation. To a volume of the solution to be examined containing the equivalent of 25 mg of glucose, add 5.0 mL of a 100 g\/L solution of p-toluidine R in 2-propanol R containing 10 per cent V\/V of glacial acetic acid R, then add 1.0 mL of a 5 g\/L solution of barbituric acid R. The absorbance (2.2.25)
\ndetermined at 550 nm after allowing the mixture to stand for 2-3 min is not greater than that of a standard prepared at the same time and in the same manner using a solution containing 10 \u00b5g of hydroxymethylfurfural R in the same volume as the solution to be examined (400 ppm expressed with reference to the glucose concentration). If the solution contains hydrogen carbonate, use as the standard a solution containing 20 \u00b5g of hydroxymethylfurfural R (800 ppm expressed with reference to the glucose concentration).<\/p>\n

Aluminium<\/h3>\n

Maximum 10 \u00b5g\/L.<\/p>\n

Atomic absorption spectrometry (2.2.23, Method I or II). Use a matrix modifier (for example nitric acid R and magnesium nitrate R in water R) in the same quantity for the test solution, the reference solutions and the blank solution.<\/p>\n

Test solution If necessary, dilute the solution to be examined with water R to a concentration suitable for the instrument to be used.<\/p>\n

Reference solutions. Method I \u2013 direct calibration.<\/p>\n

Prepare the reference solutions by diluting, for example aluminium standard solution (10 ppm Al) R with acidified water R. Reference solutions. Method II \u2013 standard additions.<\/p>\n

Prepare at least 3 reference solutions in the test solution, in a range spanning the expected aluminium concentration of the test solution, for example by diluting aluminium standard solution (10 ppm Al) R with the test solution.<\/p>\n

Blank solution\u00a0 water R.<\/p>\n

Source\u00a0 Aluminium hollow-cathode lamp.<\/p>\n

Wavelength\u00a0 309.3 nm.<\/p>\n

Atomisation device\u00a0 Graphite furnace.<\/p>\n

Particulate contamination (2.9.19, Method I) Use 50 mL of the solution to be examined.<\/h4>\n

Extractable volume (2.9.17)<\/h4>\n

The solution complies with the test prescribed for parenteral infusions.<\/p>\n

Sterility (2.6.1)<\/h4>\n

The solution complies with the test.<\/p>\n

Bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14)<\/h4>\n

Less than 0.05 IU\/mL, unless otherwise justified and authorised.<\/p>\n

Pyrogens (2.6.8)<\/h4>\n

Solutions for which a validated test for bacterial endotoxins cannot be carried out comply with the test for pyrogens. Inject per kilogram of the rabbit’s mass 10 mL of the solution.<\/p>\n

ASSAY<\/h2>\n

Sodium<\/h3>\n

97.5 per cent to 102.5 per cent of the content of sodium (Na) stated on the label.<\/p>\n

Atomic emission spectrometry (2.2.22, Method I).<\/p>\n

Test solution If necessary, dilute the solution to be examined with water R to a concentration suitable for the instrument to be used.<\/p>\n

Reference solutions Prepare the reference solutions using sodium standard solution (200 ppm Na) R. Wavelengths 589.0 nm or 589.6 nm (sodium emits as a doublet).<\/p>\n

Potassium<\/h3>\n

95.0 per cent to 105.0 per cent of the content of potassium (K) stated on the label.<\/p>\n

Atomic absorption spectrometry (2.2.23, Method I).<\/p>\n

Test solution If necessary, dilute the solution to be examined with water R to a concentration suitable for the instrument to be used. To 100 mL of the solution add 10 mL of a 22 g\/L solution of sodium chloride R.<\/p>\n

Reference solutions Prepare the reference solutions using potassium standard solution (100 ppm K) R. To 100 mL of each reference solution add 10 mL of a 22 g\/L solution of sodium chloride R.<\/p>\n

Source\u00a0 Potassium hollow-cathode lamp.<\/p>\n

Wavelength\u00a0 766.5 nm.<\/p>\n

Atomisation device\u00a0 Air-propane or air-acetylene flame.<\/p>\n

Calcium<\/h3>\n

95.0 per cent to 105.0 per cent of the content of calcium (Ca) stated on the label.<\/p>\n

Atomic absorption spectrometry (2.2.23, Method I).<\/p>\n

Test solution If necessary, dilute the solution to be examined with water R to a concentration suitable for the instrument to be used.<\/p>\n

Reference solutions Prepare the reference solutions using calcium standard solution (400 ppm Ca) R. Source Calcium hollow-cathode lamp.<\/p>\n

Wavelength\u00a0 422.7 nm.<\/p>\n

Atomisation device\u00a0 Air-propane or air-acetylene flame.<\/p>\n

Magnesium<\/h3>\n

95.0 per cent to 105.0 per cent of the content of magnesium (Mg) stated on the label.<\/p>\n

Atomic absorption spectrometry (2.2.23, Method I).<\/p>\n

Test solution If necessary, dilute the solution to be examined with water R to a concentration suitable for the instrument to be used.<\/p>\n

Reference solutions Prepare the reference solutions using magnesium standard solution (100 ppm Mg) R. Source Magnesium hollow-cathode lamp.<\/p>\n

Wavelength\u00a0 285.2 nm.<\/p>\n

Atomisation device\u00a0 Air-propane or air-acetylene flame.<\/p>\n

Total chloride<\/h3>\n

95.0 per cent to 105.0 per cent of the content of chloride (Cl) stated on the label.<\/p>\n

Dilute an accurately measured volume of the solution to be examined containing the equivalent of about 0.68 mEq of chloride with an appropriate volume of water R in order to immerse the electrode. Carry out a potentiometric titration (2.2.20), using 0.1 M silver nitrate. Read the volume added between the 2 points of inflexion.<\/p>\n

1 mL of 0.1 M silver nitrate is equivalent to 3.545 mg of Cl.<\/p>\n

Acetate<\/h3>\n

95.0 per cent to 105.0 per cent of the content of acetate stated on the label.<\/p>\n

To a volume of the solution to be examined, corresponding to about 0.7 mmol of acetate, add 10.0 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. Carry out a potentiometric titration (2.2.20), using 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. Read the volume added between the 2 points of inflexion.<\/p>\n

1 mL of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 0.1 mmol of acetate.<\/p>\n

Lactate<\/h3>\n

95.0 per cent to 105.0 per cent of the content of lactate stated on the label.<\/p>\n

To a volume of the solution to be examined, corresponding to about 0.7 mmol of lactate, add 10.0 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. Add 50 mL of acetonitrile R. Carry out a potentiometric titration (2.2.20), using 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. Read the volume added between the 2 points of inflexion.<\/p>\n

1 mL of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 0.1 mmol of lactate.<\/p>\n

Sodium hydrogen carbonate<\/h3>\n

95.0 per cent to 105.0 per cent of the content of sodium hydrogen carbonate stated on the label.<\/p>\n

Titrate with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid, a volume of the solution to be examined corresponding to about 0.1 g of sodium hydrogen carbonate, determining the end-point potentiometrically (2.2.20).<\/p>\n

1 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid is equivalent to 8.40 mg of NaHCO3.<\/p>\n

Lactate and hydrogen carbonate<\/h3>\n

95.0 per cent to 105.0 per cent of the content of lactates and hydrogen carbonates stated on the label.<\/p>\n

Liquid chromatography (2.2.29).<\/p>\n

Test solution\u00a0 The solution to be examined.<\/p>\n

Reference solution Dissolve in 100 mL of water for chromatography R quantities of lactates and hydrogen carbonates, accurately weighed, in order to obtain solutions having concentrations representing about 90 per cent, 100 per cent and 110 per cent of the concentrations stated on the label.<\/p>\n

Column:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2014 size: l = 0.30 m, \u00d8 = 7.8 mm;<\/p>\n

\u2014 stationary phase: cation-exchange resin R (9 \u00b5m);<\/p>\n

\u2014 temperature: 60 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n

Mobile phase 0.005 M sulfuric acid previously degassed with helium for chromatography R. Flow rate 0.6 mL\/min.<\/p>\n

Detection\u00a0 Differential refractometer.<\/p>\n

Injection\u00a0 20 \u00b5L, twice.<\/p>\n

Order of elution\u00a0 Lactates, hydrogen carbonates.<\/p>\n

Determine the concentration of lactate and hydrogen carbonates in the test solution by interpolating the peak area for lactate and the peak height for hydrogen carbonate from the linear regression curve obtained with the reference solutions.<\/p>\n

Reducing sugars<\/h3>\n

(expressed as glucose): 95.0 per cent to 105.0 per cent of the content of glucose stated on the label.<\/p>\n

Transfer a volume of the solution to be examined containing the equivalent of 25 mg of glucose to a 250 mL conical flask with a ground-glass neck and add 25.0 mL of cupri-citric solution R. Add a few grains of pumice, fit a reflux condenser, heat so that boiling occurs within 2 min and boil for exactly 10 min. Cool and add 3 g of potassium iodide R dissolved in
\n3 mL of water R. Carefully add, in small amounts, 25 mL of a 25 per cent m\/m solution of sulfuric acid R. Titrate with 0.1 M sodium thiosulfate using starch solution R, added towards the end of the titration, as indicator. Carry out a blank titration using 25.0 mL of water R.<\/p>\n

Calculate the content of reducing sugars expressed as glucose (C6H12O6), using Table 0862.-2.<\/p>\n

Table 0862.-2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Volume of 0.1 M sodium thiosulfate (mL)<\/strong><\/td>\nGlucose (mg)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\n19.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\n22.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\n25.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\n27.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/td>\n30.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\n33.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/td>\n35.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\n38.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/td>\n41.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

STORAGE<\/h2>\n

At 4 \u00b0C or above.<\/p>\n

LABELLING<\/h2>\n

The label states:<\/p>\n

\u2014 the formula of the solution for peritoneal dialysis, expressed in grams per litre and in millimoles per litre;<\/p>\n

\u2014 the calculated osmolarity, expressed in milliosmoles per litre;<\/p>\n

\u2014 the nominal volume of the solution for peritoneal dialysis in the container;<\/p>\n

\u2014 that the solution is free from bacterial endotoxins, or where applicable, that it is apyrogenic;<\/p>\n

\u2014 the storage conditions;<\/p>\n

\u2014 that the solution is not to be used for intravenous infusion;<\/p>\n

\u2014 that any unused portion of the solution is to be discarded.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Edition: BP 2025 (Ph. Eur. 11.6 update) DEFINITION Preparations for intraperitoneal use containing electrolytes with a concentration close to the electrolytic composition of plasma. They contain glucose in varying concentrations or other suitable osmotic agents. Solutions for peritoneal dialysis are supplied in: \u2014 rigid or semi-rigid plastic containers; \u2014 flexible plastic containers fitted with a…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":20071,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[175],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20068","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-formulated-preparations-specific-monographs"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20068","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20068"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20068\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20083,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20068\/revisions\/20083"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/20071"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20068"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20068"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20068"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}