{"id":17629,"date":"2025-10-22T14:45:48","date_gmt":"2025-10-22T07:45:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/?p=17629"},"modified":"2025-10-22T14:45:48","modified_gmt":"2025-10-22T07:45:48","slug":"levetiracetam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/levetiracetam\/","title":{"rendered":"Levetiracetam"},"content":{"rendered":"

(Ph. Eur. monograph 2535)<\/em><\/p>\n

C8<\/sub>H14<\/sub>N2<\/sub>O2<\/sub> 170.2 102767-28-2<\/p>\n

Action and use<\/strong><\/p>\n

Antiepileptic.<\/p>\n

DEFINITION<\/h2>\n

(2S)-2-(2-Oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)butanamide.<\/p>\n

Content<\/h3>\n

98.0 per cent to 102.0 per cent (anhydrous substance).<\/p>\n

CHARACTERS<\/h2>\n

Appearance<\/h3>\n

White or almost white powder.<\/p>\n

Solubility<\/h3>\n

Very soluble in water, soluble in acetonitrile, practically insoluble in heptane.<\/p>\n

IDENTIFICATION<\/h2>\n

Carry out either tests A, B or tests B, C.<\/p>\n

A. Specific optical rotation (2.2.7): -82 to -76.<\/p>\n

Dissolve 0.500 g in water R and dilute to 25.0 mL with the same solvent.<\/p>\n

B. Infrared absorption spectrophotometry (2.2.24).<\/p>\n

Comparison: levetiracetam CRS.<\/p>\n

C. Enantiomeric purity (see Tests).<\/p>\n

TESTS<\/h2>\n

Appearance of solution<\/h3>\n

The solution is clear (2.2.1) and not more intensely coloured than reference solution BY6<\/sub> (2.2.2, Method II).<\/p>\n

Dissolve 2.0 g in water R and dilute to 10.0 mL with the same solvent.<\/p>\n

Enantiomeric purity<\/h3>\n

Liquid chromatography (2.2.29): use the normalisation procedure.<\/p>\n

Test solution: Dissolve 0.200 g of the substance to be examined in 2-propanol R and dilute to 10.0 mL with the same solvent. Dilute 1.0 mL of the solution to 20.0 mL with the mobile phase.<\/p>\n

Reference solution (a): Dissolve 5 mg of the substance to be examined and 5 mg of levetiracetam impurity D CRS in the mobile phase and dilute to 5.0 mL with the mobile phase.<\/p>\n

Reference solution (b): Dilute 1.0 mL of the test solution to 100.0 mL with the mobile phase. Dilute 1.0 mL of this solution to 10.0 mL with the mobile phase.<\/p>\n

Column:<\/p>\n

\u2014 size: l = 0.25 m, \u00d8 = 4.6 mm;<\/p>\n

\u2014 stationary phase: cellulose derivative of silica gel for chiral separation R (10 \u03bcm).<\/p>\n

Mobile phase: 2-propanol R, heptane R (18:82 V\/V).<\/p>\n

Flow rate: 0.8 mL\/min.<\/p>\n

Detection: Spectrophotometer at 205 nm.<\/p>\n

Injection: 20 \u03bcL.<\/p>\n

Run time: 1.4 times the retention time of levetiracetam.<\/p>\n

Identification of impurities: Use the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (a) to identify the peak due to impurity D.<\/p>\n

Relative retention: With reference to levetiracetam (retention time = about 12 min): impurity D = about 0.8.<\/p>\n

System suitability: Reference solution (a):<\/p>\n

\u2014 resolution: minimum 1.5 between the peaks due to impurity D and levetiracetam;<\/p>\n

\u2014 symmetry factor: maximum 2.4 for the peak due to levetiracetam.<\/p>\n

Limit:<\/p>\n

\u2014 impurity D: maximum 0.8 per cent.<\/p>\n

\u2014 reporting threshold: 0.10 per cent (reference solution (b)).<\/p>\n

Impurity G<\/h3>\n

Liquid chromatography (2.2.29).<\/p>\n

Buffer solution: Dissolve 1.22 g of sodium decanesulfonate R in 850 mL of water for chromatography R, add 1.3 mL of phosphoric acid R, adjust to pH 3.0 with a 200 g\/L solution of potassium hydroxide R and dilute to 1000.0 mL with water for chromatography R.<\/p>\n

Test solution: Dissolve 20 mg of the substance to be examined in the mobile phase and dilute to 10.0 mL with the mobile phase.<\/p>\n

Reference solution (a): Dissolve 2.0 mg of levetiracetam impurity G CRS in the mobile phase and dilute to 100.0 mL with the mobile phase.<\/p>\n

Reference solution (b): Dilute 1.0 mL of reference solution (a) to 20.0 mL with the mobile phase.<\/p>\n

Reference solution (c): To 1.0 mL of reference solution (a) add 1.0 mL of the test solution and dilute to 20.0 mL with the mobile phase.<\/p>\n

Column:<\/p>\n

\u2014 size: l = 0.25 m, \u00d8 = 4.6 mm;<\/p>\n

\u2014 stationary phase: base-deactivated octadecylsilyl silica gel for chromatography R (5 \u03bcm);<\/p>\n

\u2014 temperature: 27 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n

Mobile phase: acetonitrile R1, buffer solution (15:85 V\/V).<\/p>\n

Flow rate: 1.0 mL\/min.<\/p>\n

Detection: Spectrophotometer at 200 nm.<\/p>\n

Injection: 50 \u03bcL of the test solution and reference solutions (b) and (c).<\/p>\n

Run time: 5 times the retention time of levetiracetam.<\/p>\n

Identification of impurities: Use the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (b) to identify the peak due to impurity G.<\/p>\n

Relative retention: With reference to levetiracetam (retention time = about 4 min): impurity G = about 3.8.<\/p>\n

System suitability: Reference solution (c):<\/p>\n

\u2014 resolution: minimum 5.0 between the peaks due to levetiracetam and impurity G.<\/p>\n

Calculation of percentage content:<\/p>\n

\u2014 for impurity G, use the concentration of impurity G in reference solution (b).<\/p>\n

Limit:<\/p>\n

\u2014 impurity G: maximum 0.05 per cent.<\/p>\n

Related substances<\/h3>\n

Liquid chromatography (2.2.29).<\/p>\n

Test solution (a): Dissolve 50.0 mg of the substance to be examined in mobile phase A and dilute to 10.0 mL with mobile phase A.<\/p>\n

Test solution (b): Dilute 1.0 mL of test solution (a) to 50.0 mL with mobile phase A.<\/p>\n

Reference solution (a): Dissolve 5 mg of levetiracetam impurity A CRS and 5 mg of levetiracetam impurity E CRS in mobile phase A, add 1.0 mL of test solution (a) and dilute to 100.0 mL with mobile
\nphase A.<\/p>\n

Reference solution (b): Dilute 1.0 mL of test solution (a) to 100.0 mL with mobile phase A. Dilute 1.0 mL of this solution to 20.0 mL with mobile phase A.<\/p>\n

Reference solution (c): Dissolve 5.0 mg of levetiracetam impurity C CRS in mobile phase A and dilute to 100.0 mL with mobile phase A. Dilute 1.0 mL of the solution to 40.0 mL with mobile phase A.<\/p>\n

Reference solution (d): Dissolve 50.0 mg of levetiracetam CRS in mobile phase A and dilute to 10.0 mL with mobile phase A. Dilute 1.0 mL of the solution to 50.0 mL with mobile phase A.<\/p>\n

Column:<\/p>\n

\u2014 size: l = 0.15 m, \u00d8 = 4.6 mm;<\/p>\n

\u2014 stationary phase: base-deactivated end-capped octadecylsilyl silica gel for chromatography R (5 \u03bcm).<\/p>\n

Mobile phase:<\/p>\n

\u2014 mobile phase A: acetonitrile R1, phosphate buffer solution pH 5.5 R (5:95 V\/V);<\/p>\n

\u2014 mobile phase B: acetonitrile R1;<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Time<\/strong><\/p>\n

(min)<\/strong><\/td>\n

Mobile phase A<\/strong><\/p>\n

(per cent V\/V)<\/strong><\/td>\n

Mobile phase B<\/strong><\/p>\n

(per cent V\/V)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

0 – 3<\/td>\n100<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3 – 20<\/td>\n100 \u2192 71<\/td>\n0 \u2192 29<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20 – 25<\/td>\n71<\/td>\n29<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Flow rate: 0.9 mL\/min.<\/p>\n

Detection: Spectrophotometer at 205 nm.<\/p>\n

Injection: 10 \u03bcL of test solution (a) and reference solutions (a), (b) and (c).<\/p>\n

Identification of impurities: Use the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (a) to identify the peaks due to impurities A and E; use the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (c) to identify the peak due to impurity C.<\/p>\n

Relative retention: With reference to levetiracetam (retention time = about 11 min): impurity C = about 0.5; impurity A = about 0.7; impurity E = about 0.9.<\/p>\n

System suitability: Reference solution (a):<\/p>\n

\u2014 resolution: minimum 3.5 between the peaks due to impurity E and levetiracetam.<\/p>\n

Calculation of percentage contents:<\/p>\n

\u2014 for impurity C, use the concentration of impurity C in reference solution (c);<\/p>\n

\u2014 for impurities other than C, use the concentration of levetiracetam in reference solution (b).<\/p>\n

Limits:<\/p>\n

\u2014 impurity A: maximum 0.3 per cent;<\/p>\n

\u2014 impurity C: maximum 250 ppm;<\/p>\n

\u2014 unspecified impurities: for each impurity, maximum 0.05 per cent;<\/p>\n

\u2014 total: maximum 0.4 per cent;<\/p>\n

\u2014 reporting threshold: 0.03 per cent, except for impurity C.<\/p>\n

Water (2.5.32)<\/h3>\n

Maximum 0.5 per cent, determined on 0.300 g.<\/p>\n

Sulfated ash (2.4.14)<\/h3>\n

Maximum 0.1 per cent, determined on 1.0 g.<\/p>\n

ASSAY<\/h2>\n

Liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as described in the test for related substances with the following modification.<\/p>\n

Injection: Test solution (b) and reference solution (d).<\/p>\n

Calculate the percentage content of C8<\/sub>H14<\/sub>N2<\/sub>O2<\/sub> taking into account the assigned content of levetiracetam CRS.<\/p>\n

IMPURITIES<\/h2>\n

Specified impurities A, C, D, G.<\/p>\n

Other detectable impurities (the following substances would, if present at a sufficient level, be detected by one or other of the tests in the monograph. They are limited by the general acceptance criterion for other\/unspecified impurities and\/or by the general monograph Substances for pharmaceutical use (2034). It is therefore not necessary to identify these impurities for demonstration of compliance. See also 5.10.<\/p>\n

Control of impurities in substances for pharmaceutical use) B, E.<\/p>\n

\"Levetiracetam<\/p>\n

A. (2RS)-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)butanoic acid,<\/p>\n

\"Levetiracetam<\/p>\n

B. (2Z)-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)but-2-enamide,<\/p>\n

\"Levetiracetam<\/p>\n

C. pyridin-2-ol,<\/p>\n

\"Levetiracetam<\/p>\n

D. (2R)-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)butanamide ((R)-etiracetam),<\/p>\n

\"Levetiracetam<\/p>\n

E. (1R)-1-phenylethan-1-amine,<\/p>\n

\"Levetiracetam<\/p>\n

G. (2S)-2-aminobutanamide.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

(Ph. Eur. monograph 2535) C8H14N2O2 170.2 102767-28-2 Action and use Antiepileptic. DEFINITION (2S)-2-(2-Oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)butanamide. Content 98.0 per cent to 102.0 per cent (anhydrous substance). CHARACTERS Appearance White or almost white powder. Solubility Very soluble in water, soluble in acetonitrile, practically insoluble in heptane. IDENTIFICATION Carry out either tests A, B or tests B, C. A. Specific…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":17666,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[174],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17629","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medicinal-substances"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17629","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17629"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17629\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17675,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17629\/revisions\/17675"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17666"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17629"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17629"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17629"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}