{"id":1202,"date":"2025-09-18T10:45:33","date_gmt":"2025-09-18T03:45:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/?p=1202"},"modified":"2025-10-01T15:51:53","modified_gmt":"2025-10-01T08:51:53","slug":"adrenaline-epinephrine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/adrenaline-epinephrine\/","title":{"rendered":"Adrenaline \/ Epinephrine"},"content":{"rendered":"

(Ph. Eur. monograph 2303)<\/p>\n

C_{9<\/sub>H_{13<\/sub>NO_{3<\/sub> 183.2 51-43-4<\/p>\n}}}

Action and use<\/strong><\/p>\n

Adrenoceptor agonist.<\/p>\n

Preparations<\/strong><\/p>\n

Adrenaline Eye Drops\/Epinephrine Eye Drops<\/p>\n

Dilute Adrenaline Injection (1 in 10,000)\/Dilute Epinephrine Injection (1 in 10,000)<\/p>\n

DEFINITION<\/h2>\n
4-[(1R)-1-Hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,2-diol.<\/p>\n
Synthetic product.<\/p>\n
Content<\/h3>\n
99.0 per cent to 101.0 per cent (anhydrous substance).<\/p>\n
CHARACTERS<\/h2>\n
Appearance<\/h3>\n
White or almost white crystalline powder, becoming coloured on exposure to air and light.<\/p>\n
Solubility<\/h3>\n
Practically insoluble in water, in ethanol (96 per cent) and in methylene chloride. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid.<\/p>\n
IDENTIFICATION<\/h2>\n
A. Infrared absorption spectrophotometry (2.2.24).<\/p>\n
Comparison adrenaline CRS.<\/p>\n
B. Specific optical rotation (see Tests).<\/p>\n
TESTS<\/h2>\n
Solution S<\/h3>\n
Dissolve 1.000 g in a 25.75 g\/L solution of hydrochloric acid R and dilute to 50.0 mL with the same solvent. Examine the solution immediately.<\/p>\n
Appearance of solution<\/h3>\n
Solution S is not more opalescent than reference suspension II (2.2.1) and not more intensely coloured than reference solution BY_{5 <\/sub>(2.2.2, Method II).<\/p>\n}
Specific optical rotation (2.2.7)<\/h4>\n
-54.0 to -50.0 (anhydrous substance), determined on solution S.<\/p>\n
Related substances<\/h3>\n
Liquid chromatography (2.2.29). Prepare the solutions protected from light.<\/p>\n
Solvent mixture A: Dissolve 5.0 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate R and 2.6 g of sodium octanesulfonate R in water for chromatography R and dilute to 1000 mL with the same solvent (it is usually necessary to stir for at least 30 min to achieve complete dissolution). Adjust to pH 2.8 with phosphoric acid R.<\/p>\n
Solvent mixture B: acetonitrile R, solvent mixture A (13:87 V\/V).<\/p>\n
Solvent mixture C: 10.3 g\/L solution of hydrochloric acid R, solvent mixture B (10:90 V\/V).<\/p>\n
Test solution Dissolve 40.0 mg of the substance to be examined in 5 mL of a 10.3 g\/L solution of hydrochloric acid R and dilute to 50.0 mL with solvent mixture B.<\/p>\n
Reference solution (a): Dilute 1.0 mL of the test solution to 100.0 mL with solvent mixture B. Dilute 1.0 mL of this solution to 10.0 mL with solvent mixture B.<\/p>\n
Reference solution (b): Dissolve 1.5 mg of noradrenaline tartrate CRS (impurity B) and 1.5 mg of adrenalone hydrochloride R (impurity C) in solvent mixture B, add 1 mL of the test solution and dilute to 100 mL with solvent mixture B.<\/p>\n
Reference solution (c): Dissolve the contents of a vial of adrenaline impurity mixture CRS (containing impurities D and E) in 1 mL of solvent mixture C.<\/p>\n
Reference solution (d): Dissolve the contents of a vial of adrenaline impurity F CRS in 1 mL of a 10.3 g\/L solution of hydrochloric acid R.<\/p>\n
Column:<\/p>\n
\u2014 size: l = 0.10 m, \u00d8 = 4.6 mm;<\/p>\n
\u2014 stationary phase: base-deactivated end-capped octadecylsilyl silica gel for chromatography R (3 \u03bcm);<\/p>\n
\u2014 temperature: 50 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n
Mobile phase:<\/p>\n
\u2014 mobile phase A: acetonitrile R1, solvent mixture A (5:95 V\/V);<\/p>\n
\u2014 mobile phase B: acetonitrile R1, solvent mixture A (45:55 V\/V);<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Time
\n(min)<\/td>\n Mobile phase A
\n(per cent V\/V)<\/td>\n Mobile phase B
\n(per cent V\/V)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0 – 15<\/td>\n 92 \u2192 50<\/td>\n \u00a08 \u2192 50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15 – 20<\/td>\n 50 \u2192 92<\/td>\n \u00a050 \u2192 8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20 – 25<\/td>\n 92<\/td>\n 8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
Flow rate: 2.0 mL\/min.<\/p>\n
Detection:Spectrophotometer at 210 nm.<\/p>\n
Injection: 20 \u03bcL.<\/p>\n
Identification of impurities: Use the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (b) to identify the peaks due to impurities B and C; use the chromatogram supplied with adrenaline impurity mixture CRS and the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (c) to identify the peaks due to impurities D and E; use the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (d) to identify the peak due to impurity F.<\/p>\n
Relative retention: With reference to adrenaline (retention time = about 4 min): impurity F = about 0.2;
\nimpurity B = about 0.8; impurity C = about 1.3; impurity D = about 3.3; impurity E = about 3.7.<\/p>\n
System suitability Reference solution (b):<\/p>\n
\u2014 resolution: minimum 3.0 between the peaks due to impurity B and adrenaline.<\/p>\n
Limits:<\/em><\/p>\n
\u2014 correction factors: for the calculation of content, multiply the peak areas of the following impurities by the
\ncorresponding correction factor: impurity D = 0.7; impurity E = 0.6;<\/p>\n
\u2014 impurities B, C, F: for each impurity, not more than twice the area of the principal peak in the chromatogram
\nobtained with reference solution (a) (0.2 per cent);<\/p>\n
\u2014 impurities D, E: for each impurity, not more than the area of the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with
\nreference solution (a) (0.1 per cent);<\/p>\n
\u2014 unspecified impurities: for each impurity, not more than the area of the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained<\/p>\n
with reference solution (a) (0.10 per cent);<\/p>\n
\u2014 total: not more than 5 times the area of the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (a) (0.5 per cent);<\/p>\n
\u2014 disregard limit: 0.5 times the area of the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (a) (0.05 per cent).<\/p>\n
Water (2.5.32)<\/h4>\n
Maximum 0.4 per cent, determined on 0.300 g using the evaporation technique at 130 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n
Sulfated ash (2.4.14)<\/h4>\n
Maximum 0.1 per cent, determined on 1.0 g.<\/p>\n
ASSAY<\/h2>\n
Dissolve 0.150 g in 50 mL of anhydrous acetic acid R. Titrate with 0.1 M perchloric acid, determining the end-point potentiometrically (2.2.20).<\/p>\n
1 mL of 0.1 M perchloric acid is equivalent to 18.32 mg of C_{9<\/sub>H_{13<\/sub>NO_{3<\/sub>.<\/p>\n}}}
STORAGE<\/h2>\n
Under nitrogen, protected from light.<\/p>\n
IMPURITIES<\/h2>\n
Specified impurities B, C, D, E, F.<\/p>\n
$\"Adrenaline$ <\/p>\n
B. 4-[(1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]benzene-1,2-diol (noradrenaline),<\/p>\n
$\"Adrenaline$ <\/p>\n
C. 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(methylamino)ethan-1-one (adrenalone),<\/p>\n
$\"Adrenaline$ <\/p>\n
D. 4-[(1R)-2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]-1-hydroxyethyl]benzene-1,2-diol,<\/p>\n
$\"Adrenaline$ <\/p>\n
E. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethan-1-one,<\/p>\n
$\"Adrenaline$ <\/p>\n
F. (1R)-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(methylamino)ethane-1-sulfonic acid.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
(Ph. Eur. monograph 2303) C9H13NO3 183.2 51-43-4 Action and use Adrenoceptor agonist. Preparations Adrenaline Eye Drops\/Epinephrine Eye Drops Dilute Adrenaline Injection (1 in 10,000)\/Dilute Epinephrine Injection (1 in 10,000) DEFINITION 4-[(1R)-1-Hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,2-diol. Synthetic product. Content 99.0 per cent to 101.0 per cent (anhydrous substance). CHARACTERS Appearance White or almost white crystalline powder, becoming coloured on exposure…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1205,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[174],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1202","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medicinal-substances"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1202","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1202"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1202\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6849,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1202\/revisions\/6849"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1205"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1202"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1202"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1202"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

Time \n(min)<\/td>\n	Mobile phase A \n(per cent V\/V)<\/td>\n	Mobile phase B \n(per cent V\/V)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0 – 15<\/td>\n	92 \u2192 50<\/td>\n	\u00a08 \u2192 50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15 – 20<\/td>\n	50 \u2192 92<\/td>\n	\u00a050 \u2192 8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20 – 25<\/td>\n	92<\/td>\n	8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n Flow rate: 2.0 mL\/min.<\/p>\n Detection:Spectrophotometer at 210 nm.<\/p>\n Injection: 20 \u03bcL.<\/p>\n Identification of impurities: Use the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (b) to identify the peaks due to impurities B and C; use the chromatogram supplied with adrenaline impurity mixture CRS and the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (c) to identify the peaks due to impurities D and E; use the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (d) to identify the peak due to impurity F.<\/p>\n Relative retention: With reference to adrenaline (retention time = about 4 min): impurity F = about 0.2; \nimpurity B = about 0.8; impurity C = about 1.3; impurity D = about 3.3; impurity E = about 3.7.<\/p>\n System suitability Reference solution (b):<\/p>\n \u2014 resolution: minimum 3.0 between the peaks due to impurity B and adrenaline.<\/p>\n Limits:<\/em><\/p>\n \u2014 correction factors: for the calculation of content, multiply the peak areas of the following impurities by the \ncorresponding correction factor: impurity D = 0.7; impurity E = 0.6;<\/p>\n \u2014 impurities B, C, F: for each impurity, not more than twice the area of the principal peak in the chromatogram \nobtained with reference solution (a) (0.2 per cent);<\/p>\n \u2014 impurities D, E: for each impurity, not more than the area of the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with \nreference solution (a) (0.1 per cent);<\/p>\n \u2014 unspecified impurities: for each impurity, not more than the area of the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained<\/p>\n with reference solution (a) (0.10 per cent);<\/p>\n \u2014 total: not more than 5 times the area of the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (a) (0.5 per cent);<\/p>\n \u2014 disregard limit: 0.5 times the area of the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (a) (0.05 per cent).<\/p>\n Water (2.5.32)<\/h4>\n Maximum 0.4 per cent, determined on 0.300 g using the evaporation technique at 130 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n Sulfated ash (2.4.14)<\/h4>\n Maximum 0.1 per cent, determined on 1.0 g.<\/p>\n ASSAY<\/h2>\n Dissolve 0.150 g in 50 mL of anhydrous acetic acid R. Titrate with 0.1 M perchloric acid, determining the end-point potentiometrically (2.2.20).<\/p>\n 1 mL of 0.1 M perchloric acid is equivalent to 18.32 mg of C_{9<\/sub>H_{13<\/sub>NO_{3<\/sub>.<\/p>\n}}} STORAGE<\/h2>\n Under nitrogen, protected from light.<\/p>\n IMPURITIES<\/h2>\n Specified impurities B, C, D, E, F.<\/p>\n $\"Adrenaline$ <\/p>\n B. 4-[(1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]benzene-1,2-diol (noradrenaline),<\/p>\n $\"Adrenaline$ <\/p>\n C. 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(methylamino)ethan-1-one (adrenalone),<\/p>\n $\"Adrenaline$ <\/p>\n D. 4-[(1R)-2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]-1-hydroxyethyl]benzene-1,2-diol,<\/p>\n $\"Adrenaline$ <\/p>\n E. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethan-1-one,<\/p>\n $\"Adrenaline$ <\/p>\n F. (1R)-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(methylamino)ethane-1-sulfonic acid.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" (Ph. Eur. monograph 2303) C9H13NO3 183.2 51-43-4 Action and use Adrenoceptor agonist. Preparations Adrenaline Eye Drops\/Epinephrine Eye Drops Dilute Adrenaline Injection (1 in 10,000)\/Dilute Epinephrine Injection (1 in 10,000) DEFINITION 4-[(1R)-1-Hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,2-diol. Synthetic product. Content 99.0 per cent to 101.0 per cent (anhydrous substance). CHARACTERS Appearance White or almost white crystalline powder, becoming coloured on exposure…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1205,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[174],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1202","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medicinal-substances"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1202","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1202"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1202\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6849,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1202\/revisions\/6849"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1205"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1202"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1202"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhathuocngocanh.com\/bp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1202"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

Content<\/h3>\n99.0 per cent to 101.0 per cent (anhydrous substance).<\/p>\n

CHARACTERS<\/h2>\n

Appearance<\/h3>\nWhite or almost white crystalline powder, becoming coloured on exposure to air and light.<\/p>\n

Solubility<\/h3>\nPractically insoluble in water, in ethanol (96 per cent) and in methylene chloride. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid.<\/p>\n

IDENTIFICATION<\/h2>\nA. Infrared absorption spectrophotometry (2.2.24).<\/p>\nComparison adrenaline CRS.<\/p>\nB. Specific optical rotation (see Tests).<\/p>\n

TESTS<\/h2>\n

Solution S<\/h3>\nDissolve 1.000 g in a 25.75 g\/L solution of hydrochloric acid R and dilute to 50.0 mL with the same solvent. Examine the solution immediately.<\/p>\n

Appearance of solution<\/h3>\nSolution S is not more opalescent than reference suspension II (2.2.1) and not more intensely coloured than reference solution BY5 <\/sub>(2.2.2, Method II).<\/p>\n

Specific optical rotation (2.2.7)<\/h4>\n-54.0 to -50.0 (anhydrous substance), determined on solution S.<\/p>\n

Sulfated ash (2.4.14)<\/h4>\nMaximum 0.1 per cent, determined on 1.0 g.<\/p>\n

ASSAY<\/h2>\nDissolve 0.150 g in 50 mL of anhydrous acetic acid R. Titrate with 0.1 M perchloric acid, determining the end-point potentiometrically (2.2.20).<\/p>\n1 mL of 0.1 M perchloric acid is equivalent to 18.32 mg of C9<\/sub>H13<\/sub>NO3<\/sub>.<\/p>\n

STORAGE<\/h2>\nUnder nitrogen, protected from light.<\/p>\n

Content<\/h3>\n
99.0 per cent to 101.0 per cent (anhydrous substance).<\/p>\n

Appearance<\/h3>\n
White or almost white crystalline powder, becoming coloured on exposure to air and light.<\/p>\n

Solubility<\/h3>\n
Practically insoluble in water, in ethanol (96 per cent) and in methylene chloride. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid.<\/p>\n

IDENTIFICATION<\/h2>\n
A. Infrared absorption spectrophotometry (2.2.24).<\/p>\n
Comparison adrenaline CRS.<\/p>\n
B. Specific optical rotation (see Tests).<\/p>\n

Solution S<\/h3>\n
Dissolve 1.000 g in a 25.75 g\/L solution of hydrochloric acid R and dilute to 50.0 mL with the same solvent. Examine the solution immediately.<\/p>\n

Appearance of solution<\/h3>\n
Solution S is not more opalescent than reference suspension II (2.2.1) and not more intensely coloured than reference solution BY_{5 <\/sub>(2.2.2, Method II).<\/p>\n}

Specific optical rotation (2.2.7)<\/h4>\n
-54.0 to -50.0 (anhydrous substance), determined on solution S.<\/p>\n

Sulfated ash (2.4.14)<\/h4>\n
Maximum 0.1 per cent, determined on 1.0 g.<\/p>\n

ASSAY<\/h2>\n
Dissolve 0.150 g in 50 mL of anhydrous acetic acid R. Titrate with 0.1 M perchloric acid, determining the end-point potentiometrically (2.2.20).<\/p>\n
1 mL of 0.1 M perchloric acid is equivalent to 18.32 mg of C_{9<\/sub>H_{13<\/sub>NO_{3<\/sub>.<\/p>\n}}}

STORAGE<\/h2>\n
Under nitrogen, protected from light.<\/p>\n